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Definitions of Rodenticides (Rodent Poisons) |
A toxic chemical that is used to kill pest rodents and sometimes other pest mammals, including moles, rabbits, and hares. Most rodenticides are used to control rats and house mice.
Rodenticides are generally combined with some rodent-preferred food item such as grain (corn, wheat, oats) or a combination of grains in low yet effective amounts. Bait formulations may be in pellet forms or incorporated in paraffin blocks of varying sizes. As a safeguard against accidental ingestion by non-target species, baits are placed either where they are inaccessible to children, domestic animals, or wildlife, or within tamper-resistant bait boxes designed to exclude all but rodent-size animals.
As a group, anticoagulant rodenticides dominate the market and are sold under a wide variety of trade names.
Because of their high toxicity, rodenticides are inherently hazardous to people, domestic animals, and wildlife. They are highly regulated, as are certain other types of pesticides. Some rodenticides can be purchased and used only by trained certified or licensed pest control operators, while others with a greater safety margin can be used by the general public. All rodenticides must be used in accordance with the label directions and may be prohibited where they may jeopardize certain endangered species.
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| Pre-baiting: |
Pre-baiting greatly enhances the effectiveness of fast-acting rodenticides. Pre-baiting involves applying unpoisoned bait for several days until the rodents become accustomed to the new source of food. Poisoned bait is then put out, typically for 1 or 2 nights. The obvious problem with pre-baiting is that the time needed to do it properly reduces the main advantage of acute rodenticides, i.e., rapid action. Where immediate control is essential, pre-baiting can be omitted, although efficacy is inevitably reduced. Anticoagulants can be used to supplement such a programme, but a different bait base must be used.
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| Multi feed: |
In order of their development, they are warfarin, pindone (Pival), diphacinone, and chlorophacinone. When small amounts of these anticoagulants are consumed over several days, death results from internal bleeding.
Environmentally friendly rodenticide
Non harmful to human/pets
Increased visits
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| Acute single feed: |
The newer, second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides, such as brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone, were developed to counteract the growing genetic resistance in rats and house mice to the earlier anticoagulants, especially warfarin.
The second-generation compounds are more potent and capable of being lethal following a single night's feeding, although death is generally delayed by several days. Rodenticides that do not belong to the anticoagulant group include zinc phosphide, bromethalin, and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
The feeding and lethal characteristics differ among them. Acutely toxic strychnine baits are also available but are restricted to underground application, primarily for pocket gophers and moles. Several lethal fumigants or materials that produce poisonous gases are used to kill rodents in burrows and within other confined areas such as unoccupied railway cars or buildings. Lethal fumigants include aluminum phosphide, carbon dioxide, chloropicrin, and smoke or gas cartridges, which are ignited to produce carbon monoxide and other asphyxiating gases.
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| Contact powders: |
Where bait acceptance or other problems arise, poison dusts are an option, although they have important limitations.
Dust application is usually wasteful, it is generally applied to ‘runs’ or around burrows, as only a small amount of the poison on fur and feet is consumed by the rodents while grooming. So rodent contact powders carry a much higher concentration (usually 20 times the levels used in rodenticides designed for ingestion) of active ingredient than bait employing the same substance.
Dusts cannot be used if there is an appreciable risk of affecting non-target species or contaminating food supplies.
The cage trap is often used for urban foxes. There are many types of fox cage trap on the market but all work on a similar basis. The cage traps are baited, the fox will enter the trap and it will either tread on a trigger plate or by pulling at the bait, releasing the mechanism which in turn triggers a door. An advantage of a cage trap is that it allows non-target species such as pet dogs and cats to be released unharmed.
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